羥基脲(INN:Hydroxycarbamide,又名Hydroxyurea,商品名包括Hydrea和Droxia)是一種化療及抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒藥物,被用于治療慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病、骨髓增生性疾病和鐮刀型細(xì)胞貧血癥等疾病。
作用機(jī)理
羥基脲的其中一種普遍接受的機(jī)理是它能夠通過清除酪氨酰自由基來抑制核糖核苷酸二磷酸還原酶,從而阻礙脫氧核糖核苷酸的合成。[2][3]
在鐮刀型細(xì)胞貧血癥的治療中,羥基脲能夠增加胎兒血紅蛋白的濃度。這點(diǎn)的具體作用機(jī)理仍不清楚,但有研究認(rèn)為羥基脲能夠增加一氧化氮的濃度,從而激活鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶,進(jìn)而增加環(huán)磷酸鳥苷的濃度,激活胎兒血紅蛋白所需的丙種球蛋白的合成,同時(shí)清除快速分裂的產(chǎn)生鐮刀型血紅蛋白的細(xì)胞。[3][4]
用途
羥基脲被用于治療以下疾病:
除此之外,羥基脲還在生物化學(xué)研究上被用作DNA復(fù)制抑制劑,因?yàn)樗軌蛳拿撗鹾颂呛塑账岫?a href="/w/DNA" title="DNA">DNA雙鏈在復(fù)制叉附近斷裂(見DNA修復(fù))。[11]
劑量
劑量因情況而異。在骨髓增生性疾病中,一般來說是每日30mg~40mg/kg;劑量的增加與減少由血細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)變化及是否發(fā)生骨髓抑制而定。[12] 對(duì)于鐮刀型細(xì)胞貧血癥,起始劑量為15mg/kg(腎功能減弱者則酌情減少);兩周之后預(yù)期血紅蛋白和血小板計(jì)數(shù)將會(huì)減少,而平均紅細(xì)胞體積會(huì)增加。之后的劑量在密切觀察全血細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)的同時(shí)每兩周增加一次,直至劑量達(dá)到35mg/kg或血球減少發(fā)生。[3]
有報(bào)導(dǎo)的副作用包括:嗜睡、惡心、嘔吐、腹瀉、便秘、食欲不振、粘膜炎、胃炎、骨髓抑制(劑量限制性毒性;停藥后1~3周可恢復(fù))、脫發(fā)、皮膚變化、肝功能異常、腎功能異常(肌酐和尿氮升高)。[1]
由于羥基脲的骨髓毒性,治療時(shí)必須密切觀察全血細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),且應(yīng)及時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)由于白細(xì)胞水平下降而引起的感染。除此之外,肝腎功能、尿酸和電解質(zhì)也需經(jīng)常檢查。[12]
羥基脲主要用于治療的骨髓增生性疾病大部分都有轉(zhuǎn)化為急性粒細(xì)胞白血病的可能性。長期以來人們一直擔(dān)心羥基脲本身也會(huì)引起白血病,但研究顯示這種可能性很小或者基本上不存在。然而,這仍然阻礙了它在鐮刀型貧血癥上的進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用。[3]
合成
羥基脲由Dresler和Stein在1869年通過羥胺、鹽酸和氰化鉀反應(yīng)合成;目前工業(yè)上生產(chǎn)則使用羥胺和氰酸。[13] 羥基脲也能由氨基甲酸乙酯與羥胺通過取代反應(yīng)合成。[14]
參看
參考資料
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Liebelt, E.; Balk, S.; Faber, W.; Fisher, J.; Hughes, C.; Lanzkron, S.; Lewis, K.; Marchetti, F. et al.. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of hydroxyurea. Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology. 2007, 80 (4): 259–366. doi:10.1002/bdrb.20123. PMID 17712860.
- ↑ 道蘭氏醫(yī)學(xué)詞典中的hydroxyurea
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Platt OS. Hydroxyurea for the treatment of sickle cell anemia. N. Engl. J. Med.. 2008, 358 (13): 1362–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMct0708272. PMID 18367739.
- ↑ Cokic VP, Smith RD, Beleslin-Cokic BB, et al.. Hydroxyurea induces fetal hemoglobin by the nitric oxide-dependent activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase. J Clin Invest. 2003, 111 (2): 231–9. doi:10.1172/JCI16672. PMID 12531879. PMC 151872. 模板:PMC
- ↑ Harrison CN, Campbell PJ, Buck G, et al.. Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia. N. Engl. J. Med.. July 2005, 353 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043800. PMID 16000354.
- ↑ Lanzkron S, Strouse JJ, Wilson R, et al.. Systematic review: Hydroxyurea for the treatment of adults with sickle cell disease. Ann. Intern. Med.. June 2008, 148 (12): 939–55. PMID 18458272.
- ↑ Frank I, Bosch RJ, Fiscus S, et al.. Activity, safety, and immunological effects of hydroxyurea added to didanosine in antiretroviral-naive and experienced HIV type 1-infected subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, ACTG 307. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. September 2004, 20 (9): 916–26. doi:10.1089/aid.2004.20.916. PMID 15597521.
- ↑ Sharma VK, Dutta B, Ramam M. Hydroxyurea as an alternative therapy for psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2004, 70 (1): 13–7. PMID 17642550.
- ↑ Escribano, L.; álvarez-Twose, I. N.; Sánchez-Mu?oz, L.; Garcia-Montero, A.; Nú?ez, R.; Almeida, J.; Jara-Acevedo, M.; Teodósio, C. et al.. Prognosis in adult indolent systemic mastocytosis: A long-term study of the Spanish Network on Mastocytosis in a series of 145 patients. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2009, 124 (3): 514–521. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.003. PMID 19541349.
- ↑ Dalziel, K.; Round, A.; Stein, K.; Garside, R.; Price, A.. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of imatinib for first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase: A systematic review and economic analysis. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 2004, 8 (28): iii, ii1–120. PMID 15245690.
- ↑ Ko? A, Wheeler LJ, Mathews CK, Merrill GF. Hydroxyurea arrests DNA replication by a mechanism that preserves basal dNTP pools. J. Biol. Chem.. January 2004, 279 (1): 223–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303952200. PMID 14573610.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Thackery, Ellen. The Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer: A-K. Detroit: Thomson Gale. 2002: p. 514-516. ISBN 0-7876-5610-0.
- ↑ Lunghi, A; Aloni, C; Gigante, L; Mazzei, N; Cardillo, P. Hydroxyurea explosion: a thermoanalytical and calorimetric study. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 2002, 15 (6): 489–495. doi:10.1016/S0950-4230(02)00044-X.
- ↑ R. Deghenghi (1973). "Hydroxyurea". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 5: 645.
參考來源
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侵入抑制劑 |
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逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶抑制劑 |
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整合酶抑制劑 |
雷格特維 · Elvitegravir ? · Globoidnan A (experimental)
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成熟抑制劑 |
Bevirimat? · Vivecon?
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蛋白酶抑制劑 |
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合劑 |
Combivir · Atripla · Trizivir · Truvada · Kaletra · Epzicom
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研發(fā)中的化合物 |
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TRIM5alpha (gene)
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Tat_(HIV)#Clinical_significance
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其他
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研發(fā)失敗的化合物
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Dexelvucitabine · Capravirine · Emivirine · Lodenosine · Atevirdine · Brecanavir · Aplaviroc
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°DHHS推薦一線治療藥物. ? 臨床研究中. ?很少用的藥物. § WHO基本藥物
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